The document discusses expression trees and Huffman encoding. It explains that expression trees are binary trees that represent mathematical expressions, with operators as internal nodes and operands as leaf nodes. Traversing the tree in different orders (inorder, postorder) yields the expression in different forms (infix, postfix). It also describes the Huffman encoding algorithm for data compression, which assigns variable length binary codes to characters based on frequency to reduce file size.

1. Class No.23 Data Structures http://ecomputernotes.com

2. Expression Tree The inner nodes contain operators while leaf nodes contain operands. a c + b g * + + d * * e f http://ecomputernotes.com

3. Expression Tree The tree is binary because the operators are binary. a c + b g * + + d * * e f http://ecomputernotes.com

4. Expression Tree This is not necessary. A unary operator (!, e.g.) will have only one subtree. a c + b g * + + d * * e f http://ecomputernotes.com

5. Expression Tree Inorder traversal yields: a+b*c+d*e+f*g a c + b g * + + d * * e f http://ecomputernotes.com

6. Enforcing Parenthesis void inorder(TreeNode<int>* treeNode) { if( treeNode != NULL ){ cout << &quot;(&quot;; inorder(treeNode->getLeft()); cout << &quot;)&quot;; cout << *(treeNode->getInfo()); cout << &quot;(&quot;; inorder(treeNode->getRight()); cout << &quot;)&quot;; } } http://ecomputernotes.com

7. Expression Tree Inorder : (a+(b*c))+(((d*e)+f)*g) a c + b g * + + d * * e f http://ecomputernotes.com

8. Expression Tree Postorder traversal: a b c * + d e * f + g * + which is the postfix form. a c + b g * + + d * * e f http://ecomputernotes.com

9. Constructing Expression Tree Algorithm to convert postfix expression into an expression tree. We already have an expression to convert an infix expression to postfix. Read a symbol from the postfix expression. If symbol is an operand, put it in a one node tree and push it on a stack. If symbol is an operator, pop two trees from the stack, form a new tree with operator as the root and T 1 and T 2 as left and right subtrees and push this tree on the stack. http://ecomputernotes.com

10. Constructing Expression Tree a b + c d e + * * stack http://ecomputernotes.com

11. Constructing Expression Tree a b + c d e + * * b a Stack is growing left to right If symbol is an operand, put it in a one node tree and push it on a stack. top http://ecomputernotes.com

12. Constructing Expression Tree a b + c d e + * * b a Stack is growing left to right + If symbol is an operator, pop two trees from the stack, form a new tree with operator as the root and T 1 and T 2 as left and right subtrees and push this tree on the stack. http://ecomputernotes.com

13. Constructing Expression Tree a b + c d e + * * b a + d c e http://ecomputernotes.com

14. Constructing Expression Tree a b + c d e + * * b a + c e d + http://ecomputernotes.com

15. Constructing Expression Tree a b + c d e + * * b a + c e d + * http://ecomputernotes.com

16. Constructing Expression Tree a b + c d e + * * b a + c e d + * * http://ecomputernotes.com

17. Other Uses of Binary Trees Huffman Encoding http://ecomputernotes.com

18. Huffman Encoding Data compression plays a significant role in computer networks. To transmit data to its destination faster, it is necessary to either increase the data rate of the transmission media or to simply send less data. Improvements with regard to the transmission media has led to increase in the rate. The other options is to send less data by means of data compression. Compression methods are used for text, images, voice and other types of data (space probes). http://ecomputernotes.com

19. Huffman Encoding Huffman code is method for the compression for standard text documents. It makes use of a binary tree to develop codes of varying lengths for the letters used in the original message. Huffman code is also part of the JPEG image compression scheme. The algorithm was introduced by David Huffman in 1952 as part of a course assignment at MIT. http://ecomputernotes.com http://ecomputernotes.com

20. Huffman Encoding To understand Huffman encoding, it is best to use a simple example. Encoding the 32-character phrase: &quot; traversing threaded binary trees &quot;, If we send the phrase as a message in a network using standard 8-bit ASCII codes, we would have to send 8*32= 256 bits. Using the Huffman algorithm, we can send the message with only 116 bits.

21. Huffman Encoding List all the letters used, including the &quot;space&quot; character, along with the frequency with which they occur in the message. Consider each of these (character,frequency) pairs to be nodes; they are actually leaf nodes, as we will see. Pick the two nodes with the lowest frequency, and if there is a tie, pick randomly amongst those with equal frequencies.

22. Huffman Encoding Make a new node out of these two, and make the two nodes its children. This new node is assigned the sum of the frequencies of its children. Continue the process of combining the two nodes of lowest frequency until only one node, the root, remains.

23. Huffman Encoding Original text: traversing threaded binary trees size: 33 characters (space and newline) NL : 1 SP : 3 a : 3 b : 1 d : 2 e : 5 g : 1 h : 1 i : 2 n : 2 r : 5 s : 2 t : 3 v : 1 y : 1

24. Huffman Encoding v 1 y 1 SP 3 r 5 h 1 e 5 g 1 b 1 NL 1 s 2 n 2 i 2 d 2 t 3 a 3 2 2 is equal to sum of the frequencies of the two children nodes.

25. Huffman Encoding v 1 y 1 SP 3 r 5 h 1 e 5 g 1 b 1 NL 1 s 2 n 2 i 2 d 2 t 3 a 3 2 2 There a number of ways to combine nodes. We have chosen just one such way.

26. Huffman Encoding v 1 y 1 SP 3 r 5 h 1 e 5 g 1 b 1 NL 1 s 2 n 2 i 2 d 2 t 3 a 3 2 2 2

27. Huffman Encoding v 1 y 1 SP 3 r 5 h 1 e 5 g 1 b 1 NL 1 s 2 n 2 i 2 d 2 t 3 a 3 2 2 2 4 4

28. Huffman Encoding v 1 y 1 SP 3 r 5 h 1 e 5 g 1 b 1 NL 1 s 2 n 2 i 2 d 2 t 3 a 3 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 6

29. Huffman Encoding v 1 y 1 SP 3 r 5 h 1 e 5 g 1 b 1 NL 1 s 2 n 2 i 2 d 2 t 3 a 3 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 8 6 9 10

30. Huffman Encoding v 1 y 1 SP 3 r 5 h 1 e 5 g 1 b 1 NL 1 s 2 n 2 i 2 d 2 t 3 a 3 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 8 6 14 9 19 10

31. Huffman Encoding v 1 y 1 SP 3 r 5 h 1 e 5 g 1 b 1 NL 1 s 2 n 2 i 2 d 2 t 3 a 3 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 8 6 14 9 19 10 33